Mechanics of Materials

Description

Contents

Preface viii

To the Student (pg. viii)

To the Instructor (pg. viii)

Resources for Instructors (pg. ix)

Resources for Students (pg. ix)

Acknowledgments (pg. x)

About the Author (pg. xi)

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1. Introduction 3

1.1 Why Study Mechanics of Materials? (pg. 4)

1.2 How Mechanics of Materials Predicts Deformation and Failure (pg. 6)

1.3 Review of Statics–Forces, Subsystems, and Free Body Diagrams (pg. 8)

1.4 Review of Statics–Representing Force Interactions Simply (pg. 10)

1.5 Review of Statics–Conditions of Equilibrium (pg. 12)

1.6 Road Map of Book (pg. 16)

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Unit 1

Body Composed of Elements

2 Internal Force, Stress, and Strain 18

2.1 Elements (pg. 20)

2.2 Internal Force (pg. 22)

2.3 Normal Stress (pg. 32)

2.4 Normal Strain (pg. 40)

2.5 Measuring Stress and Strain (pg. 48)

2.6 Elastic Behavior of Materials (pg. 50)

2.7 Failure and Allowable Limit on Stress (pg. 58)

2.8 Variety of Stress—Strain Response (pg. 60)

2.9 Shear Strain and Shear Stress (pg. 68)

2.10 Shear and Bearing Stress in Pin Joints (pg.70)

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Unit 2

Common Deformation Modes

3 Axial Loading 84

3.1 Internal Force—Deformation—Displacement (pg. 86)

3.2 Varying Internal Force (pg. 92)

3.3 Systems of Axially Loaded Members (pg. 100)

3.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures (pg. 108)

3.5 Thermal Effects (pg. 120)

3.6 Wrapped Cables, Rings, and Bands (pg. 128)

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4 Torsion 136

4.1 Rotation (pg. 138)

4.2 Shear Strain in Circular Shafts (pg. 140)

4.3 Application and Transmission of Torque (pg. 148)

4.4 Shear Stress in Circular Shafts (pg. 150)

4.5 Strength and Stiffness (pg. 162)

4.6 Dependence of Stiffness and Strength on Shaft Properties (pg. 164)

4.7 General Guidelines for Torsional Stiffness of Non-Circular Cross-Sections (pg. 166)

4.8 Torsion of Shafts with Rectangular Cross-Sections (pg. 176)

4.9 Torsion of Shafts with Thin-Walled Cross-Sections (pg. 178)

4.10 Shafts with Non-Uniform Twisting Along Their Lengths (pg. 186)

4.11 Internal Torque and the Relation to Twist and Stress (pg. 188)

4.12 Relation Between Senses and Signs of Internal Torque,Twist, and Stress (pg. 190)

4.13 Shafts with Varying Cross-Sections (pg. 192)

4.14 Statically Indeterminate Structures Subjected to Torsion (pg. 202)

4.15 Power-Torque-Speed Relations for Rotating Shafts (pg. 210)

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5 Bending 218

(A) Shear Forces and Bending Moments

5.1 Deformation in Bending (pg. 220)

5.2 Beams, Loads, and Supports (pg. 222)

5.3 Internal Loads in Beams (pg. 224)

5.4 Internal Loads by Isolating Segments (pg. 226)

5.5 Variation o (B) Stresses Due to Bending Moments

5.6 Strain Distribution in Bending (pg. 250)

5.7 Stresses in Bending (pg. 252)

5.8 Bending Equations (pg. 262)

5.9 Bending of Composite Cross-Sections (pg. 272)

5.10 Bending Stresses Under a Non-Uniform Bending Moment (pg. 280)

5.11 Dependence of Stiffness and Strength on Cross-Section (pg. 290)

5.12 Bending of a Beam Composed of Multiple Layers (pg. 296)

5.13 Bending of General (Non-Symmetric) Cross-Sections (pg. 298)

(C) Stresses Due to Shear Forces

5.14 Transverse Shear Stress (pg. 304)

5.15 Shear Flow–Thin-Walled and Built-Up Cross-Sections (pg. 310)

(D) Deflections Due to Bending Moments

5.16 Deflections Related to Internal Loads (pg. 318)

5.17 Deflections Using Tabulated Solutions (pg. 328)

5.18 Simple Generalizations of Tabulated Solutions (pg. 332)

5.19 Complex Generalizations of Tabulated Solutions (pg. 344)

5.20 Statically Indeterminate Structures Subjected to Bending (pg. 354)

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Unit 3

Design Against

6 Combined Loads 364

6.1 Determining Internal Loads (pg. 366)

6.2 Drawing Stresses on 3-D Elements (pg. 372)

6.3 Pressure Vessels (pg. 380)

6.4 Elastic Stress—Strain Relations (pg. 386)

6.5 Deflections Under Combined Internal Loads (pg. 392)

6.6 Strain Energy (pg. 398)

6.7 Solving Problems Using Conservation of Energy (pg. 400)

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7 Stress Transformations and Failure 412

7.1 Goal of Chapter, and Strain is in the Eye of the Beholder (pg. 414)

7.2 Defining Stresses on General Surfaces (pg. 416)

7.3 Stress Transformation Formulas (pg. 424)

7.4 Maximum and Minimum Stresses (pg. 432)

7.5 Mohr’s Circle (pg. 440)

7.6 Failure Criteria (pg. 446)

7.7 Failure for Stresses in 3-D (pg. 454)

7.8 2-D Strain Transformations and Strain Rosettes (pg. 460)

7.9 Fatigue (pg. 466)

7.10 Stress Concentrations (pg. 468)

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8 Buckling 480

8.1 Buckling of Axially Loaded, Simply Supported Members (pg. 482)

8.2 Buckling of Axially Loaded Members–Alternative Support Conditions (pg. 484)

8.3 Design Equations for Axial Compression (pg. 486)

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Appendices

A. Focused Applications for Problems (pg. 501)

A-1 Bicycles (pg. 502)

A-2 Cable-Stayed Bridges (pg. 504)

A-3 Drilling (pg. 506)

A-4 Exercise Equipment (pg. 508)

A-5 Fracture Fixation (pg. 510)

A-6 Wind Turbines (pg. 512)

B. Theory of Properties of Areas (pg. 514)

B-1 Centroid and Second Moment of Inertia (pg. 514)

B-2 Products of Inertia and Principal Axes of Inertia (pg. 516)

C. Tabulated Properties of Areas (pg. 522)

D. Material Properties (pg. 525)

E. Geometric Properties of Structural Shapes (pg. 526)

F. Wood Structural Member Properties (pg. 535)

G. Tabulated Beam Deflections (pg. 536)

G-1 Deflections and Slopes of Cantilever Beams

G-2 Deflections and Slopes of Simply Supported Beams

H. Stress Concentration Factors (pg. 540)

I. Advanced Methods and Derivations (pg. 542)

I-1 Shear Stress and Twist in Thin-Walled Shaft Subjected to Torsion

I-2 Method of Singularity Functions

I-3 Derivation of Stress Transformation Formulas

I-4 Derivation of Equations for Maximum Normal and Shear Stress

Answers to Selected Problems 553

Key Terms 559

Index 561

Mechanics of Materials helps students gain physical and intuitive understanding of the ideas underlying the mechanics of materials; grasp big picture ideas; and use the subject to solve problems—everything it takes to genuinely learn how the forces acting on a material relate to its deformation and failure.

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“Paul Steif’s book is FANTASTIC!!!!!! It’s truly an amazing contribution. I have been flipping through it and can’t stop. It’s a joy to see the impressive drawings & art work … the topics are very clearly presented and easy to understand … definitely not your standard “mechanics of materials” book.”

-Mark Nagurka, Marquette UniversityProfessor Paul S. Steif has been a faculty member in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University since 1983. He received a Sc.B. degree in engineering mechanics from Brown University; M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in applied mechanics from Harvard University; and was National Science Foundation NATO Postdoctoral fellow at the University of Cambridge. As a faculty member his research has addressed a variety of problems, including the effects of interfacial properties on fiberreinforced composites, bifurcation and instabilities in highly deformed layered materials, and stress generation and fracture induced by cryopreservation of biological tissues. Dr. Steif has also contributed to engineering practice through consulting and research on industrial projects, including elastomeric damping devices, blistering of face seals, and fatigue of tube fittings.

 

Since the mid-1990s, Dr. Steif has focused increasingly on engineering education, performing research on student learning of mechanics concepts, and developing new course materials and classroom approaches. Drawing upon methods of cognitive and learning sciences, Dr. Steif has led the development and psychometric validation of the Statics Concept Inventory—a test of statics conceptual knowledge. He is the co-author of Open Learning Initiative (OLI) Engineering Statics. Dr. Steif is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and recipient of the Archie Higdon Distinguished Educator

Mechanics of Materials helps students gain physical and intuitive understanding of the ideas underlying the mechanics of materials; grasp big picture ideas; and use the subject to solve problems–everything it takes to genuinely learn how the forces acting on a material relate to its deformation and failure.

Student-focused Organization: Drawing on over two decades of research on student learning of mechanics concepts and engineering education methods, Dr. Steif uses a thoughtfully organized book structure to break the subject apart for students, and then helps them put it back together. Students can generally picture deformation better than they can picture forces (for instance, imagine seeing a ruler bend, and then calculating the force)–therefore, he begins with the deformation, and then covers the associated forces. He starts with a simple situation and then builds a more general mathematical representation.

• Each chapter is a series of two-page spreads or sections, with each section dedicated to developing one idea or concept.
• Chapter Openers present the main ideas of a chapter in diagrams and words.  
• Chapter Summaries draw together key concepts, terms, and equations.
• Chapters 2-8 are grouped into 3 units that capture the overall structure of the subject presented in Chapter 1.

Big Picture Concepts: To help students grasp the larger, coherent structure of Mechanics of Materials, the core question that it answers is addressed in Chapter 1: will a body deform too much or fail?  The remaining chapters are grouped into 3 units that outline how this question is answered:

• A body that deforms and may fail as composed of many small, identical pieces or elements (Chapter 2).
• Three common modes of deformation: stretching, twisting, and bending (Chapters 3-5).
• To address deformation and failure in more general situations, the presence of these common deformation modes is recognized, and their contributions appropriately combined (Chapters 6-8).  
• A conceptual overview at the start of each chapter features a map that locates the chapter in the overall structure of the subject.

End-of-section and Focused Application Area Problems: This book contains end-of-section problems that illustrate ideas, concepts, and procedures. Focused Application area problems demonstrate applications to real situations like: bicycles, cable stayed bridges, drilling of wells, exercise equipment, bone fracture fixation, and wind turbines.

• Each Focused Application area problem’s diagram references a short appendix that describes the application. Students can see how the situation depicted in a single problem fits into the overall application. Refer to pages 160 and 286-288.

Familiar Context: Everyday objects can illustrate the ideas of Mechanics of Materials, and help students gain an intuitive understanding of concepts. This book starts with situations that students are familiar with, and progresses to the general, mathematical forms that enable wide application of the subject. Refer to pages 138, 139, 224, 252, 332, and 380.

Presentation: Steif’s knowledge of, and enthusiasm for, the subject are reflected in his direct, friendly style of writing. Words, diagrams, and equations are used in balance to present concepts in a clear, thorough way that resonates with students. Refer to pages 139, 151, 191, and 253.
 
Visualization: Artwork, including appropriate vectors and notation illustrating a concept, is used throughout the book to explain how the principles of mechanics apply to real-world situations. These figures provide a strong connection to the 3-D nature of engineering. The view of the object, its dimensions, and the vectors are presented in a manner that can be easily understood. Refer to the Visual Table of Contents as well as pages 139, 148, 149, and 367.
 
Steif Explained: Author, Paul S. Steif, answers frequently asked questions about his Mechanics of Materials textbook and teaching approach. http://www.pearsonhighered.com/steif

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Resources

• Accuracy-checked Instructor’s Solutions Manual
• MasteringEngineering: The most technologically advanced online tutorial and homework system. MasteringEngineering is designed to provide students with customized coaching and individualized feedback to help improve problem-solving skills while providing instructors with rich teaching diagnostics. Tutorial homework problems emulate the instructor’s office—hour environment, guiding students through engineering concepts with self-paced individualized coaching. These in-depth tutorial homework problems are designed to coach students with feedback specific to their errors and optional hints that break problems down into simpler steps. An access code to MasteringEngineering can be purchased in a textbook package, or online at www.masteringengineering.com <http://www.masteringengineering.com/>.
• Instructor Presentation Resources: All art from the text is available in PowerPoint slide and JPEG format on the Instructor Resource Center (IRC): www.pearsonhighered.com/irc http://www.pearsonhighered.com/irc>. Instructors, contact your local Pearson Prentice Hall representative for IRC access.