Laboratory Experiments for Chemistry

Description

For two-semester general chemistry lab courses

 

Introducing students to basic lab techniques and illustrating core chemical principles

Prepared by John H. Nelson and Kenneth C. Kemp, both of the University of Nevada, this manual contains 43 finely tuned experiments chosen to introduce students to basic lab techniques and to illustrate core chemical principles. In the 14th Edition, all experiments were carefully edited for accuracy, safety, and cost. Pre-labs and questions were revised and new experiments added concerning solutions, polymers, and hydrates.

 

Each of the experiments is self-contained, with sufficient background material, enabling students to conduct and understand the experiment. Each has a pedagogical objective to exemplify one or more specific principles. Because the experiments are self-contained, they may be undertaken in any order, although the authors have found in their General Chemistry course that the sequence of Experiments 1 through 7 provides the firmest background and introduction. To assist the student, the authors have included pre-lab questions for the student to answer before starting the lab. The questions are designed to help the student understand the experiment, to learn how to do the necessary calculations to treat their data, and as an incentive to read the experiment in advance. You can also customize these labs through Pearson Collections, our custom database program. For more information, visit https://www.pearsonhighered.com/collections/

About the Book

• Table of Contents Updates
• Chapter 1:
• Added new Section 1.4: The Nature of Energy. The new section provides a much earlier introduction to work, heat, and energy — all key topics that run throughout the course.
• Chapter 5:
• Section 5.1 now has a tighter focus on chemical energy and the relationship between electrostatic potential energy and bonds. This section builds upon the basic concepts introduced now in section 1.4.
• New Section 5.8: Bond Enthalpies. The new section offers an earlier introduction to this topic.
• Chapter 8:
• Revised Section 8.8 now builds on the bond enthalpy discussion from Section 5.8, and expands the discussion to consider the strengths and lengths of covalent bonds.
• New and Updated Features
• How To features offer step-by step guidance for solving specific types of problems such as Drawing Lewis Structures, Balancing Redox Equations, Naming Acids, etc. These features, with numbered steps wrapped by a thin rule, are integrated into the main discussion and are easy to find.
• Smart Figures walk students through complex visual representations, dispelling common misconceptions before they can take root by animating them into a continuous process rather than being forced to rely on discrete time points. Students are given answer-specific video feedback from the author team that validates their correct response or helps them get back on track by understanding why they were wrong, often revisiting the animation in a way designed to aid them in overcoming their misconception.
• 50 Interactive Sample Exercises guide students through the problem solving process using the Analyze/Plan/Solve/Check technique. A play icon in the text identifies each Interactive Sample Exercise — clicking the icon in the eText launches a visual and conceptual presentation with author Math Stoltzfus that brings key Sample Exercises to life through animation and narration. Practice Exercises within each Sample Exercise can also be assigned in Mastering^™ Chemistry where students will receive answer-specific feedback.
• A Closer Look features have been updated to reflect recent news and discoveries in the field of chemistry, providing relevance and applications for students. End-of-chapter questions often give students the chance to test whether they understood the concept or not.
• Enhanced art creates clarity and provides a cleaner more modern look with details that include white-background annotation boxes with crisp, thin leaders plus richer and more saturated colors in the art, and expanded use of 3D renderings.
• Annotations offer more detailed explanations; new leaders emphasize key relationships and key points in figures.
• Before/after photos now more clearly show characteristics of endothermic and exothermic reactions. Added reaction equations connect the chemistry to what’s happening in the photos.

Also available with Mastering Chemistry

Mastering^™ Chemistry is the leading online homework, tutorial, and engagement system, designed to improve results by engaging students with vetted content. The enhanced eText 2.0 and Mastering Chemistry work with the book to provide seamless and tightly integrated videos and other rich media and assessment throughout the course. Instructors can assign interactive media before class to engage students and ensure they arrive ready to learn. Students further master concepts through book-specific Mastering Chemistry assignments, which provide hints and answer-specific feedback that build problem-solving skills.  With Learning Catalytics^™ in

About our authors

THEODORE L. BROWN received his Ph.D. from Michigan State University in 1956. Since then, he has been a member of the faculty of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, where he is now Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus. He served as Vice Chancellor for Research, and Dean of The Graduate College, from 1980 to 1986, and as Founding Director of the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology from 1987 to 1993. Professor Brown has been an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow and has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1972 he was awarded the American Chemical Society Award for Research in Inorganic Chemistry and received the American Chemical Society Award for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Inorganic Chemistry in 1993. He has been elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Chemical Society.

EUGENE LEMAY, JR., received his B.S. degree in Chemistry from Pacific Lutheran University (Washington) and his Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1966 from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He then joined the faculty of the University of Nevada, Reno, where he is currently Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus. He has enjoyed Visiting Professorships at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, at the University College of Wales in Great Britain, and at the University of California, Los Angeles. Professor LeMay is a popular and effective teacher, who has taught thousands of students during more than 40 years of university teaching. Known for the clarity of his lectures and his sense of humor, he has received several teaching awards, including the University Distinguished Teacher of the Year Award (1991) and the first Regents’ Teaching Award given by the State of Nevada Board of Regents (1997).

BRUCE E. BURSTEN received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin in 1978. After two years as a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow at Texas A&M University, he joined the faculty of The Ohio State University, where he rose to the rank of Distinguished University Professor. In 2005, he moved to the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, as Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. Professor Bursten has been a Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Teacher-Scholar and an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow, and he is a Fellow of both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Chemical Society. At Ohio State he has received the University Distinguished Teaching Award in 1982 and 1996, the Arts and Sciences Student Council Outstanding Teaching Award in 1984, and the University Distinguished Scholar Award in 1990. He received the Spiers Memorial Prize and Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2003, and the Morley Medal of the Cleveland Section of the American Chemical Society in 2005. He was President of the American Chemical Society for 2008. In addition to his teaching and service activities, Professor Bursten’s research program focuses on compounds of the transition-metal and actinide elements.

CATHERINE J. MURPHY received two B.S. degrees, one in Chemistry and one in Biochemistry, from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, in 1986. She received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin in 1990. She was a National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health Postdoctoral Fellow at the California Institute of Technology from 1990 to 1993. In 1993, she joined the faculty of the University of South Carolina, Columbia, becoming the Guy F. Lipscomb Professor of Chemistry in 2003. In 2009 she moved to the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, as the Peter C. and Gretchen Miller Markunas Professor of Chemistry. Professor Murphy has been honored for both research and teaching as a Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar, an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow, a Cottrell Scholar of the Research Corporation, a National Science Foundation CAREER Award winner, and a subsequent NSF Award for Special Creativity. She has also received a USC Mortar Board Excellence in Teaching Award, the USC Golden Key Faculty Award for Creative Integration of Research and Undergraduate Teaching, the USC Michael J. Mungo Undergraduate Teaching Award, and the USC Outstanding Undergraduate Research Mentor Award. Since 2006, Professor Murphy has served as a Senior Editor for the Journal of Physical Chemistry. In 2008 she was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Professor Murphy’s research program focuses on the synthesis and optical properties of inorganic nanomaterials, and on the local structure and dynamics of the DNA double helix.

PATRICK M. WOODWARD received B.S. degrees in both Chemistry and Engineering from Idaho State University in 1991. He received a M.S. degree in Materials Science and a Ph.D. in Chemistry from Oregon State University in 1996. He spent two years as a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Physics at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1998, he joined the faculty of the Chemistry Department at The Ohio State University where he currently holds the rank of Professor. He has enjoyed visiting professorships at the University of Bordeaux in France and the University of Sydney in Australia. Professor Woodward has been an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow and a National Science Foundation CAREER Award winner. He currently serves as an Associate Editor to the Journal of Solid State Chemistry and as the director of the Ohio REEL program, an NSF-funded center that works to bring authentic research experiments into the laboratories of first- and second-year chemistry classes in 15 colleges and universities across the state of Ohio. Professor Woodward’s research program focuses on understanding the links between bonding, structure, and properties of solid-state inorganic functional materials.

MATTHEW W. STOLTZFUS received his B.S. degree in Chemistry from Millersville University in 2002 and his Ph. D. in Chemistry in 2007 from The Ohio State University. He spent two years as a teaching postdoctoral assistant for the Ohio REEL program, an NSF-funded center that works to bring authentic research experiments into the general chemistry lab curriculum in 15 colleges and universities across the state of Ohio. In 2009, he joined the faculty of Ohio State where he currently holds the position of Chemistry Lecturer. In addition to lecturing general chemistry, Stoltzfus accepted the Faculty Fellow position for the Digital First Initiative, inspiring instructors to offer engaging digital learning content to students through emerging technology. Through this initiative, he developed an iTunes U general chemistry course, which has attracted over 120,000 students from all over the world. Stoltzfus has received several teaching awards, including the inaugural Ohio State University 2013 Provost’s Award for Distinguished Teaching by a Lecturer and he is recognized as an Apple Distinguished Educator.

1. Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement

2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

3. Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry

4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution

5. Thermochemistry

6. Electronic Structure of Atoms

7. Periodic Properties of the Elements

8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

10. Gases

11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces

12. Solids and Modern Materials

13. Properties of Solutions

14. Chemical Kinetics

15. Chemical Equilibrium

16. Acid—Base Equilibria

17. Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria

18. Chemistry of the Environment

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

20. Electrochemistry

21. Nuclear Chemistry

22. Chemistry of the Nonmetals

23. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry

24. The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry

Appendices

Mathematical Operations

Properties of Water

Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25^ο C)

Aqueous Equilibrium Constants

Standard Reduction Potentials at 25^ο C

Answers to Selected Exercises

Answers to Give It Some Thought

Answers to Go Figure

Answer to Selected Practice Exercises

Glossary

Photo and Art Credits

About the Book

 

Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th Edition uses relevant content to engage students throughout the learning process, building skills that allow them to go beyond recall to effectively solve problems and visualize the atomic nature of the chemistry.

 

• Beyond Knowledge Recall:
• NEW! Smart Figures walk students through complex visual representations, dispelling common misconceptions before they can take root by animating them into a continuous process rather than being forced to rely on discrete time points. Students are given answer-specific video feedback from the author team that validates their correct response or helps them get back on track by understanding why they were wrong, often revisiting the animation in a way designed to aid them in overcoming their misconception.
• Integrative Exercises connect concepts in the current chapter with those from previous chapters and serve as an overall review of key concepts, helping students gain a deeper understanding of how chemistry fits together. Sample Integrative Exercises in many chapters show how to analyze and solve problems encompassing more than one concept.
• Design An Experiment activities provide a departure from the usual end-of-chapter exercises with an inquiry-based, open-ended approach that stimulates a student to “think like a scientist.” Designed to foster critical thinking, each exercise presents the student with a scenario in which various unknowns require investigation. The student is called upon to ponder how experiments might be set up to provide answers to particular questions about observations.
• Informal, sharply focused Give It Some Thought (GIST) exercises let students test just how well they’re “getting it” as they move through the course.
• Learning Outcomes at the end of each chapter identify skills that students should be able to perform after studying each section. A list of related problems for each Learning Objective allows students to check their mastery of the material.
• Conceptual Questions are developed around the GIST and Go Figure questions and integrated with classroom clicker questions. In turn, these questions are integrated into Mastering^™ Chemistry.
• Relevance:
• NEW! A Closer Look essays and features cover high-interest topics and have been updated to reflect recent news and discoveries in the field of chemistry, providing relevance and applications for students. End-of-chapter questions often give students the chance to test whether they understood the concept or not.
• Chemistry and Life, and Chemistry Put to Work help students connect chemistry to world events, scientific discoveries, and medical breakthroughs.
• Problem Solving:
• NEW! How To features offer step-by step guidance for solving specific types of problems such as Drawing Lewis Structures, Balancing Redox Equations, Naming Acids, etc. These features, with numbered steps wrapped by a thin rule, are integrated into the main discussion and are easy to find.
• A consistent problem-solving process incorporated throughout guides students in practicing problem solving.
• The unique Analyze/Plan/Solve/Check feature helps students to understand what they are being asked as they solve, plan how to solve it, work their way through the solution, and check their answers.
• Selected sample exercises use a dual-column problem-solving strategy approach to show students the thought process involved in each step of a mathematical calculation.
• NEW! 50 Interactive Sample Exercises guide students through the problem solving process using the Analyze/Plan/Solve/Check technique. A play icon in the text identifies each Interactive Sample Exercise – clicking the icon in the eText launches a visual and conceptual presentation with author Matt Stoltzfus that brings key Sample Exercises to life through animation and narration. Practice Exercises within each Sample Exercise can also be assigned in Mastering Chemistry where students will receive answer-specific feedback.
• Data-Driven Problem Revisions were made in an informed manner with the author team consulting the reservoir of data available through Mastering Chemistry to revise the question bank. This data enabled them to analyze which problems were frequently assigned and why; to pay careful attention to the amount of time it took students to work through a problem (flagging those that took longer than expected); and to observe the wrong answer submissions and hints used (a measure used to calculate the difficulty of problems). This “metadata” served as a starting point for the discussion of which end of chapter questions to modify, replace, or delete, resulting in a more diverse and polished set of problems.
• Streamlined End-of-Chapter Exercises are grouped by topic and presented in matched pairs.
• Practice Exercises provide students with an additional problem to test mastery of the concepts in the text and to address the most common conceptual misunderstandings. To ensure that the questions touched on the most common misconceptions, the authors consulted the ACS Chemistry Concept inventory before writing their questions. Second Practice Exercises are multiple-choice and accompany each Sample Exercise within the chapters with correct answers provided in an appendix. Specific wrong answer feedback, written by the authors, will be available in Mastering Chemistry.
• Strategies for Success essays encourage students to think like chemists and aid students in analyzing  information and organizing thoughts as a means to improve problem solving and critical thinking.
• Visualization:
• Visualizing Concepts exercises precede the end-of-chapter exercises and ask students to consider concepts through the use of models, graphs, and other visual materials. These help students develop a conceptual understanding of the key ideas in the chapter. Additional conceptual exercises are found among the end-of-chapter exercises.
• Molecular illustrations help students see what is happening on a molecular level in the sample exercises
• Multi-Focus Graphics provide a variety of perspectives including macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic to portray various chemical concepts. Students develop a more complete understanding of the topic being presented. Computer-generated molecular illustrations provide visual representations of matter at the atomic level.
• Go Figure questions let students stop and take time to analyze the artwork in the text to be sure they understand the concept behind it.
• ENHANCED! Art creates clarity and provides a cleaner more modern look with details that include white-background annotation boxes with crisp, thin leaders plus richer and more saturated colors in the art, and expanded use of 3D renderings.
• Annotations offer more detailed explanations; new leaders emphasize key relationships and key points in figures.
• Before/after photos now more clearly show characteristics of endothermic and exothermic reactions. Added reaction equations connect the chemistry to what’s happening in the photos.
• Table of Contents Updates
• Chapter 1:
• Added new Section 1.4: The Nature of Energy. The new section provides a much earlier introduction to work, heat, and energy – all key topics that run throughout the course.
• Chapter 5:
• Section 5.1 now has a tighter focus on chemical energy and the relationship between electrostatic potential energy and bonds. This section builds upon the basic concepts introduced now in section 1.4.
• New Section 5.8: Bond Enthalpies. The new section offers an earlier introduction to this topic.
• Chapter 8:
• Revised Section 8.8 now builds on the bond enthalpy discussion from Section 5.8, and expands the discussion to consider the strengths and lengths of covalent bonds.

Also available with Mastering Chemistry

Pearson Mastering^™ Chemistry is the leading online homework, tutorial, and engagement system, designed to improve results by engaging students with vetted content. The enhanced eText 2.0 and Mastering Chemistry work with the book to provide seamless and tightly integrated videos and other rich media and assessment throughout the course. Instructors can assign interactive media before class to engage students and ensure they arrive ready to learn. Students further master concepts through book-specific Mastering Chemistry assignments, which provide hints and answer-specific feedback that build problem-solving skills.  With Learning Catalytics^™ instructors can expand on key concepts and encourage student engagement during lecture through questions answered individually or in pairs and groups. Mastering Chemistry now provides students with the new General Chemistry Primer for remediation of chemistry and math skills needed in the general chemistry course. 

• NEW! 66 Dynamic Study Modules help students study effectively on their own by continuously assessing their activity and performance in real time.
• Students complete a set of questions with a unique answer format that also asks them to indicate their confidence level. Questions repeat until the student can answer them all correctly and confidently. These are available as graded assignments prior to class and are accessible on smartphones, tablets, and computers.
• Topics include key math skills such as significant figures and scientific notation, as well as  general chemistry concepts such as understanding matter, chemical reactions, and understanding the periodic table & atomic structure. Topics can be added or removed to match your coverage.
• NEW! eInteractives, embedded in the eText 2.0, engage students through interactivity to further enhance their learning experience, making it much more than just an electronic copy of the physical textbook.
• NEW! 50 Interactive Sample Exercises bring key Sample Exercises in the text to life through animation and narration. Author Matt Stoltzfus uses the text’s Analyze/Plan/Solve/Check technique to guide students through the problem solving process. A play icon in the text identifies each Interactive Sample Exercise – clicking the icon in the eText launches a visual and conceptual presentation that goes beyond the static page. The Practice Exercises within each Sample Exercise can also be assigned in Mastering Chemistry where students will receive answer-specific feedback.
• NEW! 27 SmartFigures walk students through complex visual representations, dispelling common misconceptions before they take root. Each SmartFigure converts a static in-text figure into a dynamic process narrated by author Matt Stoltzfus. A play icon in the text identifies each SmartFigure – clicking the icon in the eText launches the animation.  Smartfigures are assignable in Mastering Chemistry where they are accompanied by a multiple-choice question with answer specific video feedback. Selecting the correct answer launches a brief wrap up video that highlights the key concepts behind the answer.
• UPDATED! Mastering Chemistry metadata was used by the author team to edit and clarify in-chapter Go Figure  and Give It Some Thought  questions, as well as end-of-chapter problems. User data helped them to identify ‘problematic’ questions and then modify, replace, or delete questions, resulting in a diverse and polished set of problems.
• NEW! Hundreds of enhanced end-of-chapter questions with wrong-answer-response feedback, give students more opportunities to exercise critical thinking and achieve learning gains while practicing problem solving.
• NEW! The Chemistry Primer helps students remediate their chemistry math skills and prepare for their first college chemistry course.
• Pre-built Assignments get students up to speed at the beginning of the course.
• Math is covered in the context of chemistry, basic chemical literacy, balancing chemical equations, mole theory, and stoichiometry.
• Scaled to students’ needs, remediation is only suggested to students that perform poorly on an initial problem.
• Remediation includes tutorials, wrong-answer specific feedback, video instruction, and step-wise scaffolding to build students’ abilities.
• NEW! eText 2.0, optimized for mobile, gives students access to their textbook anytime, anywhere.
• eText 2.0 mobile app offers offline access and can be downloaded for most iOS and Android phones/tablets from the Apple App Store or Google Play
• Seamlessly integrated videos and other rich media
• Accessible (screen-reader ready)
• Configurable reading settings, including resizable type and night reading mode
• Instructor and student note-taking, highlighting, bookmarking, and search
• Learning Catalytics™ helps instructors generate class discussion, customize lectures, and promote peer-to-peer learning with real-time analytics.This student response tool uses students’ smartphones, tablets, or laptops to engage them in more interactive tasks and thinking.
• NEW! Upload a full PowerPoint^® deck for easy creation of slide questions.
• Helps students develop critical thinking skills.
• Allows instructors to monitor responses to find out where students are struggling.
• Instructors can rely on real-time data to adjust teaching strategy.
• Automatically group students for discussion, teamwork, and peer-to-peer learning.
• NEW! End-of-Chapter Questions are enhanced with Wrong Answer Specific Feedback to provide coaching feedback to help students learn from their mistakes while completing their homework.
• Adaptive Follow-Up Assignments allow instructors to deliver content to students–automatically personalized for each individual based on the strengths and weaknesses identified by his or her performance on initial Mastering Chemistry assignments.
• Simulations (including PhET simulations) are interactive simulations that foster conceptual understanding and active learning, and are complemented by tutorials developed to make these powerful visuals assignable.
• Pause and Predict Video Quizzes bring chemistry to life with lab demonstrations that illustrate key topics in general chemistry. Students predict the outcome of experiments as they watch the videos; follow-up multiple-choice questions challenge students to apply the concepts from videos to related scenarios.

For two-semester general chemistry lab courses
Introducing basic lab techniques and illustrating core chemical principles Prepared by John H. Nelson and Kenneth C. Kemp, both of the University of Nevada, this manual contains 43 finely tuned experiments chosen to introduce basic lab techniques and to illustrate core chemical principles. In the 14th Edition, all experiments were carefully edited for accuracy, safety, and cost. Pre-labs and questions were revised and new experiments added concerning solutions, polymers, and hydrates.
Each of the experiments is self-contained, with sufficient background material, to conduct and understand the experiment. Each has a pedagogical objective to exemplify one or more specific principles. Because the experiments are self-contained, they may be undertaken in any order, although the authors have found in their General Chemistry course that the sequence of Experiments 1 through 7 provides the firmest background and introduction. The authors have included pre-lab questions to answer before starting the lab. The questions are designed to help in understanding the experiment, learning how to do the necessary calculations to treat their data, and as an incentive for reading the experiment in advance. These labs can also be customized through Pearson Collections, our custom database program. For more information, visit https://www.pearsonhighered.com/collections/